Ok, compared to my previous fixes, this one kinda sucks, but I don't have anything close to "2k ohm 1/2w resistor", I'll have to buy that at a later time. I have 2k resistors but they're 1/8w. For now, I stuck a 600 ohm resistor in there - I won't play the Duo much for now until then. It's bad but the sound finally works now. AV port, headphone jack, HuCard and CDs, it all works.
I also did one more voltage check. The caps are at 3v, op amps are at 6.2v. Still a bit low, will probably be improved further with a correct resistor.
For posterity: Fixes made were patching corroded vias at the 22uF 16v cap near the super cap, at the 4.7uF cap at the volume wheel and lastly the 2k ohm resistor near a 330uF cap under the board.
(pretend you can hear Bomberman 94 playing triumphantly)
Thanks everyone for helping to resurrect my Duo!