I decided to just replay the stage from turn 1, as much as I didn't want to, and for some reason, I got the boss to show up this second time. I guess it was a glitch after all. Thank goodness that I always cycle back and forth between at least two files when I play games, otherwise I could've completely screwed myself. On my second attempt, I split my army in half so I could clear both sides simultaneously, then I inched forward to make the enemies at the top center of the screen come down to attack my characters. When I had them cleared out, then I approached the spot at which the boss shows up, triggered the cutscene, and everything progressed as it should. I don't know if any of that makes a difference or if the problem was just random bad luck, but hopefully that helps if anyone else is ever stuck on this stage.